apatya

Many different taddhitas convey the sense of apatya (“offspring”). In this lesson, we'll consider some of these taddhitas and learn about the sound changes they cause.

adhikāra rules

In addition to the usual adhikāras for taddhitas, we have two more to consider. The first states that aṇ is a “default” pratyaya when no other is specified:

• प्राग्दीव्यतोऽण्। ४.१.८३
  prāgdīvyato'ṇ (4.1.83)
  prāk dīvyataḥ aṇ
  Up to the rule containing dīvyati (i.e. 4.4.2), aṇ-pratyaya …

And the second starts the apatya section:

• तस्यापत्यम्। ४.१.९२
  tasyāpatyam (4.1.92)
  tasya apatyam
  In the sense of “the offspring of,” …

aṇ

Because it is ṇit, aṇ will cause vṛddhi changes to the base's first vowel.

iñ

iñ is used in the sense of apatya after bases ending with short a:

• अत इञ्। ४.१.९५
  ata iñ (4.1.95)
  ataḥ iñ
  After [a base ending in] a, iñ [is an optional taddhita-pratyaya conveying the sense of “offspring”].

Because it is ñit, iñ will cause vṛddhi changes to the base's first vowel.

ḍhak

• स्त्रीभ्यो ढक्। ४.१.१२०
  strībhyo ḍhak (4.1.120)
  strībhyaḥ ḍhak
  After feminine [stems], ḍhak [is an optional taddhita-pratyaya conveying the sense of “offspring”].

Here, the ḍ in ḍhak is a shorthand that we can expand with rule 7.1.2:

• आयनेयीनीयिनः फढखच्छघाम् प्रत्ययादीनां। ७.१.२
  āyaneyīnīyinaḥ phaḍhakhacchaghām pratyayādīnāṃ (7.1.2)
  āyan-ey-īn-īy-inaḥ pha-ḍha-kha-cha-ghām pratyaya-ādīnām
  The initial pha, ḍha, kha, cha, and gha of a pratyaya are replaced, respectively, with āyan, ey, īn, īy, and in.

Thus the true pratyaya is eya, with k as an it letter. This taddhita will then cause a vṛddhi change to the first vowel of the base, like so:

• विनता + ढक् → वैनतेय
  vinatā + ḍhak → vainateya
  offspring of Vinata
  

Sample prakriyās

Our first example uses aṇ and rule 6.4.146 (orguṇaḥ):

1. upagoḥ apatyam
2. upagoḥ aṇ4.1.92 tasyāpatyam
3. upagu aṇ2.4.71 supo dhātuprātipadikayoḥ
4. upagu a1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
5. aupagu a7.2.117 taddhiteṣvacāmādeḥ
6. aupago a6.4.146 orguṇaḥ
7. aupagava6.1.78 eco'yavāyāvaḥ

Our next uses iñ and rule 6.4.148 (yasyeti ca):

1. daśarathasya apatyam
2. daśarathasya iñ4.1.95 ata iñ
3. daśaratha iñ2.4.71 supo dhātuprātipadikayoḥ
4. daśaratha i1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
5. dāśaratha i7.2.117 taddhiteṣvacāmādeḥ
6. dāśarathi6.4.148 yasyeti ca

And this one uses ḍhak and again uses rule 6.4.148:

1. vinatāyāḥ apatyam
2. vinatāyāḥ ḍhak4.1.120 strībhyo ḍhak
3. vinatā ḍhak2.4.71 supo dhātuprātipadikayoḥ
4. vinatā ḍha1.3.3 halantyam
   1.3.9 tasya lopaḥ
5. vinatā eya7.1.2 āyaneyīnīyiyaḥ phaḍhakhacchaghāṃ pratyayādīnām
6. vainatā eya7.2.118 kiti ca
7. vainateya6.4.148 yasyeti ca