Exercises: Vowel Nouns

Short pronouns

The first-person mad pronoun and the second-person tvad pronoun both have some "short forms" that appear in certain grammatical cases. Two of these short forms are me (case 6 singular) and te (case 6 singular). These forms will be used in future exercises, and we will study them in more detail later on.

Vocabulary

Vowel Nouns

अग्नि

fire [ignite]

गुरु

mfn

heavy; great, grave, respectable [grave]

गुरु: m; guru
गौरव: n; heaviness, respectability, venerability

मही

earth

नद्

नदति

sound, roar, cry

नदी: f; "roarer," a river

चमू

army

General vocabulary

गा

???

गात्र: n; "means of going"; limb

गै

गायति

sing

This verb is said to belong to the a+ class. So, too, are all verbs with a medium or strong vowel. This fact is easier to understand if we think back to our old root system: the a+ class contains roots that do not weaken.

गीत

mfn

sung (PPP)

Note that the strong vowel ai has weakened here to ī. A similar change occurs in the passive verb; so, we get gīyate.

गीता: f; that which is sung; a song

भुज्

???

eat, (physically) enjoy, feast on

भोग: m; feasting, physical/carnal pleasure
भोजन: n; act of preparing food; a meal

विप्

वेपते

tremble, shake

वेपथु: m; quivering, trembling; Note the use of the rare suffix thu, which does not have any strong meaning.

शरीर

body

शुष्

शुष्यति

dry up, become withered [desiccate]

परिशुष्: परिशुष्यति; become completely dry

! सद्

सीदति

sit down [sit]

This verb is said to be in either the a+ class or the a0 class.

! प्रसद्

प्रसीदति

soothe, calm down, become tranquil

प्रसाद: m; serenity, grace; a gift; food presented to god

स्वर्ग

heaven

हृष्

हृष्यामि

bristle; rejoice

हर्ष

bristling; joy, excitement

रोमहर्ष: m; bristling of body hair; The first word here is roman, which we will study later on.

Translation

Translate from English to Sanskrit.

The rivers roar sweetly.
After killing the gurus, Arjuna does not grieve.
The fires shine in the middle of the city.
The armies (camū) of heaven go forth.

Translate from Sanskrit to English.

हतो वा प्राप्स्यसि स्वर्गं जित्वा वा भोक्ष्यसे महीम्
सीदन्ति मम गात्राणि मुखं च परिशुष्यति ।
वेपथुश्च शरीरे मे रोमहर्षश्च जायते ॥

Answers

Translation

नद्यो मधुरं नदन्ति
nadyo madhuraṃ nadanti
अर्जुनो गुरून् हत्वा न शोचति
arjuno gurūn hatvā na śocati
अग्नयो नगरमध्ये काशन्ते
agnayo nagaramadhye kāśante
स्वर्गचम्वः प्रगच्छन्ति
svargacamvaḥ pragacchanti

Either you will be killed and obtain heaven (literally "having been killed you will obtain heaven"), or you will conquer and enjoy the earth (literally "having conquered you will enjoy the earth").

Bhagavad Gita 2.37
My limbs sink down, and my mouth dries up; and (there is) trembling in my body, and my hair stands on end. (literally, "and bristling of hair is produced.")

Bhagavad Gita 1.29

This is our first full verse of the Bhagavad Gita!