The ad and rudh classes
In the previous lesson, we learned about three of the six complex verb classes:
| Root | Strong stem | Weak stem |
|---|---|---|
| सु su | सुनो suno | सुनु sunu |
| तन् tan | तनो tano | तनु tanu |
| क्री krī | क्रीणा krīṇā | क्रीणी krīṇī |
In this lesson, we will learn about two more complex verb classes. Both of these classes can create stems that end with consonant sounds. And since many verb endings start with consonants, these classes might cause various sandhi changes:
द्वेष् + ति → द्वेष्टि
dveṣ + ti → dveṣṭi
(someone) hates
The ad class
Also known as: class 2, adādigaṇa (“the group starting with ad”)
The ad class does not use a suffix. Instead, its strong stem is the root with a strengthened vowel, and its weak stem is the root itself.
The root ad has ad for its strong stem and the same ad for its weak stem. So, ad does not demonstrate these changes well. Instead, let's use the root dviṣ (“hate”), which has a clearer difference between its strong and weak stems:
द्वेष्टि।
dveṣṭi.
(Someone) hates.द्विषन्ति।
dviṣanti.
They hate.
For the word dveṣṭi, notice that the root ends with a consonant (ṣ) and the ending begins with a consonant (t). By a sandhi change, a t after ṣ becomes ṭ, so we get the result dveṣṭi.
The ad class has many irregular roots. The most important irregular root of the ad class is as, which means “be” or “exist.” Its strong stem is as, and its weak stem is s:
वनम् अस्ति।
vanam asti.
There is a forest.वानरा वने सन्ति।
vānarā vane santi.
Monkeys are in the forest.
The rudh class
Also known as: class 7, rudhādigaṇa (“the group starting with rudh”)
Like the ad class, the rudh class also doesn't use a suffix. Instead, we create the strong and weak stems by inserting a nasal sound after the root's last vowel. For the strong stem, we insert na. For the weak stem, we insert n:
रुध् → रुणद्धि
rudh → ruṇaddhi
(Someone) obstructs.रुध् → रुन्धन्ति
rudh → rundhanti
They obstruct.
Again, notice the sandhi change:
रुणध् + ति → रुणद्धि
ruṇadh + ti → ruṇaddhi
And as a reminder, r generally causes nearby n sounds to become ṇ. Hence we have ruṇaddhi and not *runaddhi. (We use the * symbol to show that this word is not correct Sanskrit.)
Endings of the ad class
With one or two exceptions, the ad class uses the same endings as the krī class. But since the ad class may cause many sandhi changes, these endings may not always be clear. We want to show you what these changes are like, so we will show you all of the forms of dviṣ in the special tense-moods.
First, here are the parasmaipada forms of dviṣ in the present tense:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | द्वेष्टि dveṣṭi | द्विष्टः dviṣṭaḥ | द्विषन्ति dviṣanti |
| 2nd | द्वेक्षि dvekṣi | द्विष्ठः dviṣṭhaḥ | द्विष्ठ dviṣṭha |
| 1st | द्वेष्मि dveṣmi | द्विष्वः dviṣvaḥ | द्विष्मः dviṣmaḥ |
Next, here is the command mood:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | द्वेष्टु dveṣṭu | द्विष्टाम् dviṣṭām | द्विषन्तु dviṣantu |
| 2nd | द्विड्ढि dviḍḍhi | द्विष्टम् dviṣṭam | द्विष्ट dviṣṭa |
| 1st | द्वेषाणि dveṣāṇi | द्वेषाव dveṣāva | द्वेषाम dveṣāma |
In the second-person singular, we use dhi instead of hi if the root ends in a consonant. Then dviṣ + dhi becomes dviḍḍhi due to sandhi.
Next, we have the ordinary past tense:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | अद्वेट् adveṭ | अद्विष्टाम् adviṣṭām | अद्विषन् adviṣan |
| 2nd | अद्वेट् adveṭ | अद्विष्टम् adviṣṭam | अद्विष्ट adviṣṭa |
| 1st | अद्वेषम् adveṣam | अद्विष्व adviṣva | अद्विष्म adviṣma |
If the root ends in -ā, we can also use the ending -uḥ instead of -an:
या → अयान्, अयुः
yā → ayān, ayuḥ
They went.
Finally, we have the the potential mood:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | द्विष्यात् dviṣyāt | द्विष्याताम् dviṣyātām | द्विष्युः dviṣyuḥ |
| 2nd | द्विष्याः dviṣyāḥ | द्विष्यातम् dviṣyātam | द्विष्यात dviṣyāta |
| 1st | द्विष्याम् dviṣyām | द्विष्याव dviṣyāva | द्विष्याम dviṣyāma |
Now, here are the ātmanepada forms of dviṣ in the present tense:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | द्विष्टे dviṣṭe | द्विषाते dviṣāte | द्विषते dviṣate |
| 2nd | द्विक्षे dvikṣe | द्विषाथे dviṣāthe | द्विड्ढ्वे dviḍḍhve |
| 1st | द्विषे dviṣe | द्विष्वहे dviṣvahe | द्विष्महे dviṣmahe |
the command mood:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | द्विष्टाम् dviṣṭām | द्विषाताम् dviṣātām | द्विषताम् dviṣatām |
| 2nd | द्विक्ष्व dvikṣva | द्विषाथाम् dviṣāthām | द्विड्ढ्वम् dviḍḍhvam |
| 1st | द्वेषै dveṣai | द्वेषावहै dveṣāvahai | द्वेषामहै dveṣāmahai |
the ordinary past tense:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | अद्विष्ट adviṣṭa | अद्विषाताम् adviṣātām | अद्विषत adviṣata |
| 2nd | अद्विष्ठाः adviṣṭhāḥ | अद्विषाथाम् adviṣāthām | अद्विड्ढ्वम् adviḍḍhvam |
| 1st | अद्विषि adviṣi | अद्विष्वहि adviṣvahi | अद्विष्महि adviṣmahi |
and the potential mood:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | द्विषीत dviṣīta | द्विषीयाताम् dviṣīyātām | द्विषीरन् dviṣīran |
| 2nd | द्विषीथाः dviṣīthāḥ | द्विषीयाथाम् dviṣīyāthām | द्विषीढ्वम् dviṣīḍhvam |
| 1st | द्विषीय dviṣīya | द्विषीवहि dviṣīvahi | द्विषीमहि dviṣīmahi |
Endings of the rudh class
The rudh class uses the same endings as the krī class. But as before, the rudh class may cause many different sandhi changes.
Here are the parasmaipada forms of rudh in the present tense:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | रुणद्धि ruṇaddhi | रुन्द्धः runddhaḥ | रुन्धन्ति rundhanti |
| 2nd | रुणत्सि ruṇatsi | रुन्द्धः runddhaḥ | रुन्द्ध runddha |
| 1st | रुणध्मि ruṇadhmi | रुन्ध्वः rundhvaḥ | रुन्ध्मः rundhmaḥ |
and the command mood:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | रुणद्धु ruṇaddhu | रुन्द्धाम् runddhām | रुन्धन्तु rundhantu |
| 2nd | रुन्द्धि runddhi | रुन्द्धम् runddham | रुन्द्ध runddha |
| 1st | रुणधानि ruṇadhāni | रुणधाव ruṇadhāva | रुणधाम ruṇadhāma |
Next are the forms of the ordinary past tense:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | अरुणत् aruṇat | अरुन्द्धाम् arunddhām | अरुन्धन् arundhan |
| 2nd | अरुणत् aruṇat | अरुन्द्धम् arunddham | अरुन्द्ध arunddha |
| 1st | अरुणधम् aruṇadham | अरुन्ध्व arundhva | अरुन्ध्म arundhma |
Finally, we have the potential mood:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | रुन्ध्यात् rundhyāt | रुन्ध्याताम् rundhyātām | रुन्ध्युः rundhyuḥ |
| 2nd | रुन्ध्याः rundhyāḥ | रुन्ध्यातम् rundhyātam | रुन्ध्यात rundhyāta |
| 1st | रुन्ध्याम् rundhyām | रुन्ध्याव rundhyāva | रुन्ध्याम rundhyāma |
Next, we have the ātmanepada forms of rudh in the present tense:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | रुन्द्धे runddhe | रुन्धाते rundhāte | रुन्धते rundhate |
| 2nd | रुन्त्से runtse | रुन्धाथे rundhāthe | रुन्द्ध्वे runddhve |
| 1st | रुन्धे rundhe | रुन्ध्वहे rundhvahe | रुन्ध्महे rundhmahe |
the command mood:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | रुन्द्धाम् runddhām | रुन्धाताम् rundhātām | रुन्धताम् rundhatām |
| 2nd | रुन्त्स्व runtsva | रुन्धाथाम् rundhāthām | रुन्द्ध्वम् runddhvam |
| 1st | रुणधै ruṇadhai | रुणधावहै ruṇadhāvahai | रुणधामहै ruṇadhāmahai |
the ordinary past tense:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | अरुन्द्ध arunddha | अरुन्धाताम् arundhātām | अरुन्धत arundhata |
| 2nd | अरुन्द्धाः arunddhāḥ | अरुन्धाथाम् arundhāthām | अरुन्द्ध्वम् arunddhvam |
| 1st | अरुन्धि arundhi | अरुन्ध्वहि arundhvahi | अरुन्ध्महि arundhmahi |
and the potential mood:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd | रुन्धीत rundhīta | रुन्धीयाताम् rundhīyātām | रुन्धीरन् rundhīran |
| 2nd | रुन्धीथाः rundhīthāḥ | रुन्धीयाथाम् rundhīyāthām | रुन्धीध्वम् rundhīdhvam |
| 1st | रुन्धीय rundhīya | रुन्धीवहि rundhīvahi | रुन्धीमहि rundhīmahi |
Review
The ad and rudh classes cause many different sandhi changes. But we can learn these forms through exposure over time, and we can understand their meanings from context.
What are the strong and weak stems of dviṣ?
What are the strong and weak stems of rudh?
What is the most important root of the ad class?